![]() All management domains resolve some of a city’s problems, and this solution must comprise a holistic, global and transdisciplinary vision. Data, particularly respecting assets, water, transport, construction projects, environmental quality, wastes and human resources, is managed at the most basic level. Nevertheless, during the model design, most existing models are limited to visualization or a very specific analysis type.Ī variety of management domains have emerged to handle city systems and challenges. That is why managers use digital 3D models which highlight both convergent and divergent elements having to do with understanding the complexity of city management. The human brain does not have the capacity to store a huge database or to query the different city systems. Of note though, is the fact that these technologies do not shape or aggregate the different managers’ individual thought processes. Although the smart city banks on the use of technologies, it does, however, use different decision support systems, with each such system dedicated to a single management type. However, it tackles the management of each system separately because each one is led by professional managers, who specialize in specific areas of expertise, and have multiple perceptions. The smart city considers the four city systems (population, government/municipal authorities, the territory and infrastructures), much like what is called for in the present study. This strategy matches the targets of the present study perfectly. ![]() The smart city is a political initiative based on a sustainable development strategy and aims to improve the quality of life of citizens. roadways).Īccording to Cocchia (2013), the digital city allows people to interact and share knowledge within a virtual digital space, but the idea of improving citizens’ life is not explicitly laid out. buildings), whereas GIS is used for horizontal infrastructures (e.g. Although BIM and GIS are both based on a structured and searchable database, BIM is mostly used for vertical infrastructures (e.g. Some use the blockchain technology to resolve data centralization problems, which is why the blockchain and the IOTA tangle and its operation will be included in our review of the literature on currently implemented solutions. Financial institutions, for instance, consider data and transaction security as a critical issue. All these solutions are based on data and rely on technology, which explains the need to review the literature on all of them and to understand how to use existing databases when designing the city.ĭata centralization raises certain concerns in terms of their control, security and ownership. These include, for example, the blockchain, building information modeling (BIM), Geographic Information System (GIS), the smart city and digital 3D city models. In the face of issues that are constantly increasing in scope and complexity, the solutions proffered to aid in decision-making are also becoming ever smarter. A review of a few management strategies, processes and types allowed us to observe and identify the limitations inherent in existing management domains: low digital and technological maturity lack of a strategic vision for sustainable development problem resolution limitations, and the emergence of new problems silo management scope of human resource and change management and the importance of managing and owning data. In terms of city management, decisions are made in the context of challenges, which are not only economic, social and environmental but which can also be in the form of often competing and conflicting interests among managers. Presently, while cities take up barely 2 per cent of the earth’s surface, they are home to 50 per cent of the world population, consume 75 per cent all the energy produced, and are responsible for 80 per cent of all CO 2 emissions (Soucy, 2016). Worldwide, there are over 3.3 billion people living in cities. City systems can typically be classified under four categories, namely, population, government/municipal authorities, territory and infrastructures ( Dameri, 2014): ![]() The full terms of this licence may be seen at Ī city is a system of systems ( Wu et al., 2018). Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) licence. Published in Innovation & Management Review. Copyright © 2020, Nawel Lafioune and Michèle St-Jacques.
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